Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish and Invertebrates

............................................................................................................................................ iii Project Overview ................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ ix 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1.1 2.0 Helmholtz Coil Exposure System ............................................................................................ 2.1 2.1 System Description and Design Considerations ............................................................. 2.1 2.2 Test System Examples .................................................................................................... 2.4 2.2.1 Dual-Coil Configurations ..................................................................................... 2.4 2.2.2 Single-Coil Configurations .................................................................................. 2.6 3.0 Fish Experiments ..................................................................................................................... 3.1 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3.1 3.1.1 Testing Goals and Objectives ............................................................................... 3.1 3.1.2 Species Selection .................................................................................................. 3.1 3.1.3 Rationale for Experimental Designs ..................................................................... 3.2 3.2 Coho Salmon Alarm-Response ....................................................................................... 3.2 3.2.1 Methods ................................................................................................................ 3.2 3.2.2 Results .................................................................................................................. 3.3 3.3 Coho Salmon Exposure Markers ..................................................................................... 3.4 3.3.1 Methods ................................................................................................................ 3.4 3.3.2 Results .................................................................................................................. 3.5 3.4 Rainbow Trout Egg Development ................................................................................... 3.7 3.4.1 Methods ................................................................................................................ 3.7 3.4.2 Results .................................................................................................................. 3.8 3.5 Atlantic Halibut Development and Survival ................................................................. 3.11 3.5.1 Methods .............................................................................................................. 3.12 3.5.2 Results ................................................................................................................ 3.13 3.6 California Halibut Growth and Development ............................................................... 3.16 3.6.1 Methods .............................................................................................................. 3.16 3.6.2 Results ................................................................................................................ 3.17 3.7 Summary of FY 2010 and FY 2011 Fish Experiments ................................................. 3.17 3.8 FY 2012 Activities ........................................................................................................ 3.18 4.0 Invertebrate Experiments ......................................................................................................... 4.1 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4.1 4.1.1 Testing Goals and Objectives ............................................................................... 4.1 4.1.2 Test Organism and Holding Facilities .................................................................. 4.1